"Art is a wound turned into light." ~ Georges Braque

“Art washes from the soul the dust of everyday life.” ~ Pablo Picasso
Picture
Violence, war, injustice, corruption, destruction, pollution, selfishness, evil, arrogance, hate, prejudice, racism, materialism, greed, poverty, abuse of defenseless beings… Sadly, the list is long. This is how the world is. This is how we are. This is a space floded with contradictions and opposites. Good and evil, beauty and ugliness living in, sharing the same time and space.

What would the world be like without Art? The Art that heals us on the inside and gisves us back hope. The Art that reminds us of beauty. The wake up clock for our sensibility. The Art that touches and shakes us. The Art that adds inches to our hearts and kilometers to our soul. The Arte that transforms everything and anything. The Art that knows it all. The Art that is our wise teacher. The Art that confirms to us that it is worth it. The Art that helps us escape for a while when we need it.

Today I want to thank each and every Artist that travels the world transforming into Art everything in their path, including ugliness, creators like the great Puerto Rican Artist Nick Quijano and his expo titled “Basura” (Garbage) or the wonderful Boricua Artist Rafael Trelles who can create art on the dirt that accumulates on concrete.

And today I want to give thanks to Art for being my medicine. If it wans’t for Art, I don’t know how I would handle those brutal experiencies that we all have to go through sometimes. Without the medicine of Art I don’t know how I would’ve dealt with the feelings of anger, pain and indignation that I feel today because of the “legal” destruction of the trees and plants in my community.

And thanks to my beloved piano for being tear and anger-proof. 

               Copyright 2013 Brenda Hopkins Miranda All rights reserved

"Tree massacre" by Brenda Hopkins Miranda

"Basura" (Garbage) by Nick Quijano

"Puerto Rico in Concrete" by Rafael Trelles

 
 
“The next message you need is always right where you are.” ~ Ram Das

“Music is the poetry of air.”  ~ Richter
Picture
Have you ever seriously wondered what being a musician is? Doesn’t it seem like an important question to you? Don’t doubt it for a second. The questions we ask are the ones that outline our path. I’ve witnessed how my answer to this question has accompanied me to every place I’ve been to all these years.

My answer has accompanied me on every spontaneous get together with musicians from Africa, france, Italy, Cuba, Venezuela, Chile, Mexico, Brazil, Spain, North America, Israel, Morocco, Algeria, etc. It has accompanied me when I have “spoken” with people I didn’t know and whose language I didn’t speak. It has accompanied me when I have played alongside musical instruments I had never seen before.

The answer accompanied me when I auditioned for the group “Raíz y Duende’ in Granada, Spain without ever having played flamenco before. I’m sure that my answer guided me during the audition while I transported the dancer’s (bailaora) steps to the keys of the piano or absorbed the guitar’s strumming (rasgueos) and discovered the spaces that complemented it. It guided me while I felt the singer’s (cantaor) crescendos and could foresee the stops and fills the group would make. It guided me while I improvised using notes of a scale I didn’t know existed until then.

My answer has also accompanied me in the traditional Puerto Rican outings, going from place to place sharing food, drinks and good times (chichorreos), in which I have jammed with local folk musicians. I usually bring the melodica with me and my friends thank me for it because these jams usually get us free smiles, hugs, food and drinks.

And what it that answer? To me a musician is someone that can participate in any musical situation. It is a person that expresses through sound as spontaneously and naturally as when he or she speaks. “Do you always know what you’re going to say before you speak?” That is what celebrated bassist Victor Wooten asks us in his book “The Music Lesson”.

It’s just that if music is really a language to us, we should be able to participate without music scores or rehearsals, even without knowing the clave, palo, genre, scale or tonality. But I’m not talking about any kind of participation. I’m talking about a participation that does not impose itself and comes from humility. I'm talking about a generous, authentic and natural participation. I'm talking about a participation in which we live our individuality in communion. I'm talking about the kind of participation that banjoist Bela Fleck, one of my all-time favorite MUSICIANS, demonstrates in his wonderful documentary “Throw Down Your Heart” in which he travels through Africa and spontaneously participates with the musicians that he encounters wherever he goes.

Music awards us the opportunity to have a communication that trespasses cultural and geographic barriers. Music involves all that participate in it in a powerful-shared experience. Practicing, practicing and practicing for so many years would make no sense at all to me if I couldn’t live experiences as wonderful as these. And the key is, as always, as in everything, in LISTENING. But that is a topic for some other time…

 Copyright 2013 Brenda Hopkins Miranda All rights reserved


 
 
“Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.” ~ Albert Einstein

“If you're not prepared to be wrong, you'll never come up with anything original.” ~ Ken Robinson
Picture
Yeah! That's right! Sometimes we learn upside down. There is no escaping it. There is no true improvisation without risk taking, and there is no risk taking if we completely eliminate the possibility of making a "mistake". 

When we operate within a system in which perfection is required at all times and "mistakes" are considered undesirable, learning (which means growing) becomes impossible. It becomes impossible because you can't learn from something that you repudiate, disguise, conceal, or pretend it never happened. 

Nevertheless, students are constantly asked to avoid "mistakes" at all costs, denying them one of the most valuable opportunities to: 

1.  Learn WHAT TO DO when the inevitable "mistake" happens. 
2. Learn to TRUST themselves so that they can play knowing (which means confirmed through EXPERIENCE) that they have the capacity to manage any situation that comes their way.  

A person that improvises trying to avoid "mistakes" limits his/her own flow of energy and ends up producing music that sounds unnatural, tentative, timid, shrunk, cold and lacking vitality. Perfectionism creates an environment of fear, nervousness, rigidness, tension and even guilt. Who can give it all in his/her playing while feeling like this? I certainly can't. Who wants to play without giving it all? I certainly don't. 

In improvisation - as in life - no matter how much information and knowledge we may have, we will always be exposed to making "mistakes". That is why acquiring the skills necessary to learn how to manage "mistakes" is indispensable, and so is developing the CONFIDENCE in oneself so that we know we will be able to go on no matter what. All of this is only achieved through EXPERIENCE. 

Maybe it's time to learn upside down once in a while and appreciate "mistakes" in a different way. A "mistake" could very well be a: surprise, adventure, discovery, opportunity, challenge, innovation, renovation, a door to the unknown...

What more could "mistakes" be? Do you dare to learn upside down?

 Copyright 2013 Brenda Hopkins Miranda All rights reserved

 
 
 
 
 
 
Learning is experience. Everything else is just information.  Information is not knowledge”.   ~ Albert Einstein

“Where is the Life we have lost in living? Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?” 
~ T.S. Eliot 

Words are to be read and sounds are to be heard. I begin to write asking myself if music can really be explained with words. I think that sound should be the only thing capable of precisely describing with precision the experience of music. Listening to music attentively should be the best way of understanding it without anyone having to explain it to us. When we have the experience of listening to music it’s not necessary for it to be explained. It’s something like the difference between trying to describe with words the taste of an onion and actually tasting it.

In music the most important and valuable transference of knowledge takes place through contact with a living sound and this, for one thing, is possible through the action of  listening attentively, and for the other, through the experience of taking advantage of every opportunity, daring to play, learning to take chances, and having the courage to make mistakes and learn from them. There’s not a more powerful learning experience, not a more profound and durable internalization than experience. There is not.

But in these times the musicians’ loss of ability to dare has come to a point where the definition of what a musical jam session is supposed to be has been totally distorted. A jam session is a spontaneous gathering of musicians who begin to create music together and to play without knowing what is going to happen. These days we see how in so-called “jam sessions” a group of musicians will come together on stage to perform previously rehearsed music. There is nothing spontaneous about this. Nothing to do with the true spirit of what a jam session is supposed to be. And all this happens out of fear to make a fool of oneself or the desire to impress others, which are the same thing.

Maybe to simply say this should be obvious enough, but it’s not always so, especially in times when the information tsunami is everywhere.  To give you a simple example, just out of curiosity I did a search in Amazon on books about riding a bicycle. It took me only half a second and there it was, a list of 3,392 books. Wow! I didn’t have the slightest idea of the results I would get from my simple, quick search.

Then I cannot avoid asking myself a simple question: is it really possible to learn to ride a bike from a book? Where does experience lie in all this? Isn’t it supposed to be that in the end you can only learn by doing? What kind of confusion does a student of any discipline (in our case Music) could be experiencing before such a landscape? Truth is today it’s more necessary than ever for a student to develop the ability to choose, which means: to include what is needed and to eliminate that which is not.

Choosing can be no stranger here for when we improvise or compose music we must put our ability to choose (to include or to exclude) to constant use. We should choose between playing and not playing, between repeating an idea or changing it, between following what others are doing or offering something new. It’s by adding what is needed and excluding what is unnecessary that we build a solo and how we know that a painting or a music composition are complete and done.

Such work is definitely not easy. For starters we have to accept that one life is not enough to learn everything about anything, much less about music. In a true learning process there are no shortcuts and definitely voracity and impatience, as well as laziness, will not produce the best results. Everything requires a minimum of time, from boiling an egg to constructing a building. Then, from all of that bulk of information that is out there, what are we to choose? How are we to choose? There are various elements that can help us with this process.

First thing is to clarify in the most honest way possible what our mission or purpose in the Music Way is. There are two main routes and each of them requires a truly monumental level of compromise and work. At some point we must CHOOSE which is our main mission in the music world. One of the routes is the conservation, preservation and sustenance of tradition and everything it involves in terms of learning its vocabulary, languages and preexisting styles.

And when we speak of musical languages we know the tradition is huge. So if we really want to go deep and attain a level of excellence we must inevitably choose yet one more time. Be it in the music tradition of Classical or Academic, Jazz, Folk, Popular, Ethnic, what kind of music, genre, style, which composers, which repertoire, or which time periods are we talking about?


One should ask oneself for example: is it possible for a person to become an expert in JAZZ in just one lifetime? Is it possible for a human being to become an expert in all of the sub-genres and styles that are part of a history of more than one hundred years? And further more, can this be accomplished in the four-year period it takes to obtain a BA? Lets seriously ask ourselves: is this a truly sensible goal?

Any of these music forms takes a whole life of study and practice to get to understand it, feel it, and interpret it with the maximum possible level of excellence. That’s what renown Samurai Miyamoto Musashi (1584?-1645) means when he said that to know ten thousand things we have to know one very well. That’s why after every decision, after every choice, there has to be a commitment. If this commitment doesn’t materialize into action we will know very little about many things and our music will suffer the consequences. 

Discipline is not having someone giving us orders, but giving them to ourselves. It is not a mechanical action, on the contrary. It is to think about things, to use self criteria to form a list of priorities and things we want to obtain. It requires observing oneself with complete honesty, recognizing our weaknesses, and building up on our own potential so that good enough excuses or justifications can never be good enough.   

If we want to become masters of tradition there is no other alternative. Our time in this existence is limited. We must choose. Then, what sort of tradition are we talking about? It is our duty to answer this question and if the answer changes along the way, remain alert to be able to acknowledge it and make the necessary adjustments.

For our choice to be sincere and for it to come from within us we all are equipped with a compass, none other than our personal taste. Everything that we like, everything that interests us, everything that calls our attention, everything that awakens our curiosity and passion is what has affinity with our essence. The attraction, persuasion or calling we feel for certain things, places, sounds or people immediately establishes a relationship between the object and us.

That’s why we should never underestimate whatever captures our attention because it’s the first signal that there is something of value there for us. So many times education itself ends up being a matter of impulse. The positive and healthy side of our taste being our own compass is that it’s not static. Our compass is always changing and evolving as we continue to grow and develop.

Nevertheless, there are all types of pressure out there, political, religious, cultural, national and regional, as well as the pressure exerted on us by teachers, family and friends who -with good or sometimes not so good intentions- try to impose their expectations on us in terms of what we should like or should not like. The purpose educating ourselves is not to condition ourselves or to let others condition us. The hostile, limiting and imprisoning imposition of knowledge is the easiest of impositions but at the same time it’s what creates more problems. To impose has nothing to do with educating. The main goal should be getting educated to harmonize with oneself. Anything that causes us to ignore our internal feelings or instincts is dangerous.

For example, for someone the language that he/she learned and used since he/she was born could be Spanish. But a human being has the ability –if he/she so desires- to learn another language such as French, o the [point where he/she can use it to express himself/herself as well as he/she does in his/her native tongue. Of course, we are talking about a huge task that, once again, requires enormous commitment and zeal. But it can be done because we human beings are that magnificent.

To give another example, there are people who fall in love with sounds that are not a natural part of their life experience from birth to growing up.  There are a lot of people on this planet who didn’t grow up with jazz but they are giving it all so that they can transform it into their natural form of expression.  The inevitable reality is that such a project requires a lifelong commitment and maybe life itself will not even be enough. But it’s certainly sensible to assert that just to live basing our actions on an internal passion, whatever that is, is worth it.

If we are open to the wisdom shared by beings like master Samurai Musashi we will be receptive to the message; that we must understand that there is more than one way to get to the top of the mountain and that there’s nothing outside ourselves that will allow us to be better, richer, stronger, faster or more intelligent. Masashi says: “Everything is within. Everything exists. Seek nothing outside of yourself.” That’s why it is essential to develop trust in our taste, that infallible compass that’s right there inside us to always guide us as long as we are willing to pay attention to it.

On the other hand, let us not forget music’s (art’s) other main path: innovation, in other words, the creation of what will possibly become the tradition of the future. This path also requires a lifelong commitment that includes courage, dedication and, above all, honesty so we can get to know ourselves, and express who we really are.

In this other path one has to remain alert and use one’s criteria to determine what kind of information could be of use to us and what kind of information could harm or pollute our essence.  Certainly not all of the information out there is good for everyone in every situation. Also, the excess of information can turn into an obstacle as we try o find our way to express what we feel. 

What’s interesting and might at first sight could be seen as contradictory is that, for example, even though traditional jazz artists were always observant of their predecessors’ work they never limited their learning-action to copying or imitating others. On the contrary, they made sure to contribute something new to tradition. As pianist Kenny Werner said: “Innovation is the tradition in Jazz.”

Before there was Bill Evans no one played like Bill Evans. Before Thelonious Monk or Miles Davis there was no one playing the way they did. In other words, during their time, the ones who are now considered part of the tradition were innovators that created the tradition of what was to be their future, which is our present. In fact, whoever decides to do a little historical research may be surprised to discover that many of the answers found by these fellows who we now consider great artists, were rejected, criticized or ignored in their time.

It is very much possible that the most valuable knowledge brought to us by these artists lies not in the theoretical analysis of the content of their music, but in the example they gave us as people dedicated to find their own answers and in their courage to share them even without knowing if they were going to be accepted or rejected. As writer Jarod Kintz says: “Artists exist to show us the world. So do windows.”

It is the self-duty of every person to search for his/her own path, to find it, and to walk it. It’s important to know that we are investing our time, energy, attention, dedication and discipline in something that has meaning to us. It’s also important to stay aware and focused at all times on our purpose or intention, to know: why and for what reason do we do what we do? That’s the link between the action and its successful culmination. That way the learning process doesn’t remain as an empty promise but transforms itself in a way of existing.

A person who gets in touch with tradition and receives its energy is able to show it in his/her actions. He/she doesn’t need to go around trying to convince people about his/her way of thinking, feeling or doing things. If we act with the proper intention what will happen is that the more we know, the more humble we will be because we will be having more respect for those who have already made it, as well as for those who are still working their way through it. And then a state of gratitude will get a hold of us, one that will bring sense to every step of the way.

In “The Course of the Seeker”, Omar Ali-Shah says: “don’t learn so much, but what you do learn, learn it well and be capable to use it correctly.” Because for sure the purpose of knowledge is that we are able to use it, not that we become information storehouses. Ali Shah goes on to tell us: “Yet one has the right, and not only the right but the responsibility with oneself, to be in a search, in a voyage of knowledge and discovery, in search of a harmonious development as a result of having found answers to our own questions. Not the kind of answers where as one thinks of the question the answer immediately appears, and then one assimilates the answer and goes on to question number two. Some questions are better left without answers; other answers are better just listened to and not thought about.”

To be alive is having to choose. There’s escape because even not to choose is in itself a way to choose too. Too much information? It is possible. In the end it all depends on us, on how do we take advantage and benefit from it.

 “Information is not knowledge. Knowledge is not wisdom. Wisdom is not truth. Truth is not beauty. Beauty is not love. Love is not music. Music is THE BEST.”
 ~ Frank Zappa
                    © Copyright Brenda Hopkins Miranda 2012. All rights reserved.
 
 
“Aprender es experiencia. Todo lo demás es sólo información. La información no es conocimiento.”
~ Albert Einstein

"“Where is the Life we have lost in living? Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?” 
~ T.S. Eliot 

Las palabras son para leerse y los sonidos para escucharse. Comienzo a escribir preguntándome si se puede realmente explicar la música con palabras. Pienso que el sonido debería ser lo único capaz de describir con precisión la experiencia de la música. Oír música atentamente debería ser la mejor manera de comprenderla sin que alguien nos la tenga que explicar. O sea, que cuando tenemos  la experiencia de oír música se hace innecesario que la expliquen. Es algo así como la diferencia entre intentar describir en palabras el sabor de una cebolla y probarla. 

En la música la transmisión más importante y valiosa del conocimiento se produce a través del contacto con un sonido vivo y esto ocurre a través de la acción de escuchar atentamente por un lado y por otro, la experiencia de aprovechar cada oportunidad, atreverse a tocar, aprender a tomarse riesgos y tener el valor de equivocarnos y aprender de nuestros errores. No hay aprendizaje más poderoso, no hay internalización más profunda y duradera que la experiencia. No la hay.

Pero en estos tiempos la pérdida de la capacidad de los músicos para arriesgarse ha llegado a tal punto que se ha desvirtuado por completo la definición de lo que es un jameo = un encuentro espontáneo entre músicos que comienzan a crear música juntos y tocan sin saber lo que va a suceder. Hoy día vemos como en los supuestos “jameos” suben a la tarima un grupo de músicos a tocar una pieza que han ensayado previamente. Nada tiene esto de espontáneo. Nada tiene esto de riesgo. Nada tiene que ver esto con el espíritu de lo que debe ser un jameo. Y todo por el miedo a hacer el ridículo o por el deseo de impresionar a otros, que son la misma cosa. 

Quizá decir todo esto debería ser bastante obvio pero no siempre lo es, sobre todo en una época en la cual el tsunami de la información está en todas partes. Para dar un ejemplo sencillo, sólo por pura curiosidad hice una búsqueda en Amazon de libros sobre correr bicicleta. En medio segundo apareció una lista de 3,392 libros. ¡Diantre! No tenía la más mínima idea del resultado que obtendría al hacer mi rápida y sencilla búsqueda.
 
Entonces no puedo evitar preguntarme ¿realmente se puede aprender a correr bicicleta de un libro? ¿Y dónde queda la experiencia en todo esto? ¿No se supone que al final aprender sólo se logra haciendo? ¿Cuánta confusión puede estar sufriendo entonces un estudiante de cualquier cosa (en nuestro caso de música) ante un panorama como este? Lo cierto es que se hace más apremiante que nunca que el estudiante desarrolle la capacidad de escoger, lo que significa: incluir lo que hace falta y excluir lo que es innecesario. 
 
Esto de escoger no debe ser nada extraño puesto que también cuando improvisamos o componemos debemos poner en práctica constante nuestra habilidad para escoger (incluir o excluir). Debemos elegir entre tocar o no tocar, entre repetir una idea o cambiarla, entre seguir lo que hacen los demás o proponer algo nuevo. Es añadiendo lo que hace falta y excluyendo lo que no es necesario que construimos un solo y que sabemos que un cuadro o una composición están terminados o completos. 
 
La tarea definitivamente no es fácil. De entrada hay que reconocer que una vida no basta para aprenderlo todo sobre cualquier cosa y mucho menos sobre la música. En el aprender verdadero no hay atajos y definitivamente la voracidad y la impaciencia, así como la pereza, no producirán los mejores resultados. Todo lleva un mínimo de tiempo, desde hervir un huevo hasta construir un edificio. Entonces, de toda esa información que existe ahí afuera, ¿cuál vamos a escoger? ¿Cómo vamos a escoger? Hay varios factores que nos pueden ayudar en el proceso. 
 
Lo primero es aclarar de la manera más honesta posible nuestra misión o propósito en el camino de la música. Hay dos rutas principales y cada una de ellas requiere un nivel de compromiso y trabajo honestamente monumental. Debemos en algún punto decidir, ESCOGER, cual es nuestra misión principal en el mundo de la música. Una de las rutas es el mantenimiento, preservación y sostenimiento de la tradición y todo lo que esto acarrea en cuanto al aprendizaje de vocabulario, lenguajes y estilos ya existentes. 
 
Y cuando hablamos de lenguajes musicales sabemos que la tradición es inmensa. Así que si queremos realmente llegar a profundizar y obtener un nivel de excelencia tendremos inevitablemente que escoger una vez más. Ya sea dentro de la tradición de la música clásica o académica, el jazz, la música folklórica, popular o étnica ¿de cuál música, de cuál género, de cuál estilo, de cuál o cuáles compositores, de cuál repertorio, de cuál o cuáles épocas estamos hablando? 

Habría que preguntarse por ejemplo; ¿puede una persona en una vida volverse un experto en JAZZ? ¿Puede un ser humano volverse un experto en todos los sub-géneros y estilos que forman una historia de más de cien años? Y más aún ¿se puede lograr esto en los cuatro años que dura un bachillerato? Preguntémonos seriamente ¿es esta una meta realmente sensata?  

Cualquiera de estas músicas toma una vida entera de estudio y práctica para llegar a comprenderla, sentirla, e interpretarla con el máximo nivel de excelencia posible. Por eso después de cada decisión, después de cada elección debe haber un compromiso. Si este compromiso no se materializa en acción sabremos muy poco de muchas cosas y nuestra música sufrirá las consecuencias. Por eso el reconocido samurái Miyamoto Musashi (1584? – 1645) nos explica que para saber diez mil cosas hay que saber bien una.
 
Disciplina no es que otra persona nos de órdenes sino que nos las demos nosotros mismos. No es una acción mecánica sino todo lo contrario. Es pensar en las cosas, usar el criterio propio para formar una lista de prioridades y cosas que deseamos alcanzar. Requiere observarse a uno mismo con total honestidad reconociendo debilidades y construyendo sobre nuestro potencial de manera que ninguna excusa o justificación sea suficientemente buena. 
 
Si queremos llegar a ser maestros de la tradición no hay otra alternativa. Nuestro tiempo en esta existencia es limitado. Tendremos que escoger. Entonces ¿de cuál tradición estamos hablando? Es nuestro deber contestar esta pregunta y si a lo largo del camino la contestación cambiase, estar alertas para así reconocerlo y hacer los ajustes necesarios. 
 
Para que ese escoger sea sincero y provenga de adentro de nosotros mismos todos venimos equipados con una brújula que no es otra cosa que el gusto personal. Todo aquello que nos gusta, que nos interesa, que llama nuestra atención, que despierta nuestra curiosidad y que nos apasiona es aquello que tiene afinidad con nuestra esencia. La atracción, persuasión o llamado que sentimos por parte de ciertas cosas, lugares, sonidos o personas establece inmediatamente una relación entre el objeto y nosotros. 
 
Por eso nunca debemos subestimar aquello que captura nuestra atención, ya que esta es la primera señal de que hay algo valioso ahí para nosotros. La educación termina siendo muchas veces una cuestión de impulso. Lo positivo y saludable de que el gusto propio sea nuestra brújula es que no es estático sino que va cambiando y evolucionando según nosotros vamos creciendo y desarrollándonos. 

No obstante ahí afuera hay todo tipo de presiones en cuanto a lo que otros piensan que nos debería gustar. Hay presiones políticas, religiosas, culturales, nacionales, regionales, de maestros, familiares y amigos que con buena o a veces no tan buena intención imponen sus expectativas en nosotros sobre lo que nos debería gustar. El propósito de educarnos no es para condicionarnos a nosotros mismos o permitir que se nos condicione. La imposición hostil, limitante y aprisionadora del conocimiento es lo más fácil pero lo que a la vez provoca más problemas. Imponer nada tiene que ver con educar. La finalidad debe ser educarnos para armonizarnos con nosotros mismos. Todo aquello que nos provoque pasar por alto nuestro sentimiento interno o instinto es peligroso.

Para una persona el idioma que aprendió y utilizó para expresarse desde que nació puede ser el español. Pero un ser humano tiene la capacidad - si así lo desea y se lo propone - de aprender otro idioma como el francés por ejemplo, hasta poder expresarse con él tan bien como lo hace con su idioma natal. Claro, estamos hablando de una tarea monumental que de nuevo, requiere un compromiso y entrega de dimensiones quijotescas. Pero se puede, porque así de maravillosos somos los seres humanos. 
 
Para dar otro ejemplo existen personas que se enamoran de sonidos que no son parte natural de su experiencia de vida desde que nacieron y durante su crecimiento. Hay muchas personas en el planeta que no crecieron con el jazz y que lo están dando todo para convertirlo en su forma natural de expresión. La ineludible realidad es que un proyecto como este requiere un compromiso de por vida y aún la vida misma posiblemente se quede corta. No está de más aseverar que tan sólo vivir actuando a base a una pasión interna, la que sea, es suficiente, vale la pena. 

Si estamos atentos a la sabiduría que comparten seres como el maestro samurái Musashi estaremos receptivos a su mensaje de que debemos comprender que hay más de un camino para llegar al tope de la montaña y que no hay nada fuera de uno mismo que nos permita llegar a ser mejores, más fuertes, más ricos, más rápidos o más inteligentes. Nos dice Musashi: “Todo está adentro. Todo existe. No busques nada fuera de ti mismo.” Por ello es imprescindible desarrollar la confianza en nuestro gusto, esa brújula infalible que está ahí para guiarnos siempre y cuando le hagamos caso. 
 
Por otra parte no olvidemos ese otro camino principal de la música (el arte): la innovación, en otras palabras la creación de lo que posiblemente se convertirá en la tradición del futuro. Este camino también requiere un compromiso de por vida que incluye mucho valor, entrega y sobre todo honestidad para llegar a conocerse a uno mismo y poder expresar quien uno es. 
 
En este otro camino habrá que estar alerta y usar nuestro criterio propio para poder determinar qué información nos puede ser útil y qué información podría dañar o contaminar nuestra esencia. Ciertamente no toda la información es buena para todo el mundo en toda situación. Incluso el exceso de información puede convertirse en un obstáculo a la hora de buscar nuestra manera de expresar lo que sentimos. 

Lo interesante y que a primera vista podría parecer contradictorio es por ejemplo que aún cuando los artistas tradicionales de jazz se mantuvieron atentos a la obra de los que vinieron antes que ellos nunca limitaron su aprendizaje-acción a copiar o imitar a otros sino que se aseguraron de aportar algo nuevo a la tradición. Como dijo el pianista Kenny Werner “La innovación es la tradición.” 
 
Antes de Bill Evans nadie tocaba como Bill Evans. Antes de Thelonious Monk o Miles Davis no había nadie tocando como ellos. O sea, que los que ahora son considerados parte la tradición en su momento fueron innovadores que inventaron la tradición de lo que era su futuro y lo que hoy es nuestro ahora. De hecho, aquel que decida investigar un poco de historia quizá se sorprenda al descubrir que muchas de las respuestas a las que llegaron estos que hoy consideramos grandes artistas fueron rechazadas, criticadas o ignoradas en su tiempo.

Es muy posible que el conocimiento más valioso que nos aportan artistas como estos no esté en el análisis teórico del contenido de su música sino en el ejemplo que nos brindan como personas que se dedicaron a buscar sus propias respuestas y se atrevieron a compartirlas aún sin saber si sus respuestas serían aprobadas o aceptadas. Como dice el escritor Jarod Kintz: “Los artistas están ahí para mostrarnos el mundo. También las ventanas.”
 
Es deber de toda persona hacia sí misma buscar su camino, encontrarlo y caminarlo. Es importante saber que estamos invirtiendo nuestro tiempo, energía, atención, dedicación y disciplina en algo que tiene significado para nosotros. Es importante también mantenernos conscientes y enfocados en todo momento en el propósito o la intención, saber ¿por qué y para qué hacemos lo que hacemos? Ese es el vínculo entre la acción y la culminación exitosa de la misma. Así el aprender no queda como una promesa vacía sino que se convierte en una forma de existir. 

Una persona que entra en contacto con la tradición y recibe su energía es capaz de mostrarlo en sus acciones. No necesita andar por ahí tratando de convencer o convertir a la gente de su manera de pensar, sentir o hacer. Y si actuamos con la intención adecuada lo que irá sucediendo es que mientras más sepamos, más humildes nos volveremos ya que iremos teniendo más respeto por aquellos que ya lo han logrado y los que están trabajando para lograrlo. Y entonces nos poseerá un estado de gratitud que le dará sentido a cada paso en el camino. 

Nos dice Omar Ali-Shah en “La Senda del buscador”: “no aprendan tanto, pero lo que aprendan, apréndanlo bien, y sean capaces de utilizarlo correctamente.” Porque claro, el propósito del conocimiento es que seamos capaces de utilizarlo, no que nos convirtamos en almacenes de información. Más adelante Ali-Shah indica “Pero uno tiene el derecho, y no sólo el derecho sino también la responsabilidad con uno mismo, de estar en una búsqueda, en un viaje de conocimiento y descubrimiento de un desarrollo armonioso como resultado de obtener respuestas a las preguntas propias. No respuestas del tipo de que si uno piensa la pregunta inmediatamente aparece la respuesta, y entonces uno asimila la respuesta y pasa a la pregunta dos. Algunas de las preguntas es mejor dejarlas sin respuesta, otras de las respuestas es mejor escucharlas solamente y no pensar acerca de ellas.” 

Estar vivo es tener que escoger. No hay escapatoria porque aún el no escoger es también una forma de escoger. ¿Demasiada información? Es posible. Al final depende de nosotros cómo la aprovechemos y nos beneficiemos de ella.

“Information is not knowledge. Knowledge is not wisdom. Wisdom is not truth. Truth is not beauty. Beauty is not love. Love is not music. Music is THE BEST.”
 ~ Frank Zappa

 
 
It is not the how of painting but the why. To imitate a style would be a little like teaching a tone of voice or a personality.
~ Ben Shahn

Just as writers habitually read other writer’s work, we musicians listen to our idols, discovering and adding more and more names to our masters list guided by our insatiable and wonderful curiosity. When something grabs our attention we must take it very seriously because that call is showing the way to a path that offers something valuable to us. 
 
Curiosity is at the same time the map and the fuel that keep us in constant movement = evolution. When curiosity calls, it is in our best interest to listen to that call since typically those things that tend to grab our attention are directly related to our own essence. And talking about essence; where can we find an artist’s essence?

Most academic institutions emphasize on imitation as a main component of an artist’s education. Academic art education
has employed this system for centuries. Copying has been equated to the acquisition of knowledge, its understanding and internalization. Painting students at plenty of fine arts institutions are required to copy the great master’s works of art. Equally, every semester, music students are expected to transcribe note by note the improvisations of master musicians. 

Many – from the most famous to the amateurs – have transcribed and will continue to do so. And, why not?, if so many of those – especially the ones who are passionate about their desire to perform specific musical styles and genres from the very beginning – have achieved positive results with this practice. Yet let’s not forget that there are also many – from the most famous to the amateurs – that don’t believe in transcribing, have never transcribed, and have also achieved positive results. 

For many, transcribing is the best way to acquire the vocabulary of the language they want to learn. Nonetheless, once in a while, some forget that the substantial parts of music can be found beyond the notes they transcribe, in expressive elements like volume, accents, phrasing, etc.

For many others, - especially those passionate about the search and development of their personal voice or sound from the very beginning – transcribing may be a much too long a path to get to their own essence. They may even view transcribing as a danger, since it can provoke confusion when it comes to telling the difference between what is really ours and what belongs to somebody else. 

[Disclaimer: Is it possible to have two passions? Yes. There are some artists like pianist Keith Jarret whose passion goes from classical, to playing traditional jazz standards, to composing and performing original songs and playing free completely improvised music. Let’s not forget though that Jarret is not a conventional artist. Usually we will find individuals with one passion outweighing the others.]

So, in other words, transcribing is a path, not the only path. Consequently, there is no one and only path that will work for every single person. In art (and life) there are no predetermined formulas. In other words: there are many ways to get to the same place, or maybe, it’s just that each individual has a place of his/her own to get to. Things that can be beneficial to some can be harmful to others. It is like that with transcribing. Maybe a more suitable question would be: ¿Is transcribing enough to get to know an artist’s essence?

Transcribing is a way of  listening with a definite intention in mind. When we listen in order to transcribe we listen attentively time and time again, we stop, we copy and go over the same thing until we think we have “captured” (on paper or our fingers)
each note that was played at the time by that artist. But we should also remember that there are other ways of listening. We can also listen attentively – paying attention to every detail without prejudices – once or twice, with the intention of connecting and grasping the essence of what we hear, those many details and subtleties that are found outside any concept or theory.  

We could copy – literally – the paintings of French artists like Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, or we could use the pointillism technique that they used to create our own paintings. We could copy a Picasso painting, or we could use the cubism technique that he used to create our own. In the same way, we could learn a McCoy Tyner improvisation note by note, or we could use the quartal harmony concept that he used to create our own improvisation. We could learn an improvisation by George Garzone note by note, or we could use the triadic chromatic approach he uses to create our own.

We can analyze, copy, imitate and intentionally apply somebody else’s idea, technique or concept, or we can allow other more subtle elements affect, influence and inspire us. We can examine the object, the work of art and its content, or we can enter the space with an open attitude and register a kind of essence that enters us in a more organic way. 

A transcription is generated from a recording, sheet music or both. For Derek Bailey, musician and author of the book “Improvisation; its Nature and Practice in Music”, the recording of an improvisation is a separate phenomenon in which what we listen to has been removed from its natural context, that match between music, place and time. Bailey writes that a recording offers the“freezing of a fixed moment in time” much like the “photograph of a dancer”. 

In another book by ethnomusicologist Paul Berliner, “Thinking in Jazz; The Infinite Art of Improvisation”,  musician Benny Bailey is quoted saying: “It may be helpful just to see what someone like Miles Davis played, but the books don’t really teach you anything about why Miles did what he did, what his thinking was. That’s what’s needed.” Pianist Art Tatum is also quoted in this book commenting about an imitator: “Well, he knows what I did on record, but he doesn’t know why I did it.”

These words illustrate that it is very important to acknowledge and highlight the existence of another rich, valuable and important source of information. If we truly want to grasp the essence of an artist the most important information is not to be found in his/her notes, phrases and melodies. It is to be found in the ideas and thoughts that made those sounds possible. The sounds an artist makes are nothing but the conclusions to which the artist has arrived at that time. Without a doubt, one of the most valuable sources is the artist’s own words (not the words written about the artist by someone else).

It is INDISPENSABLE that we include in our investigation the search for interviews, conferences or writings by the artist. Fortunately the Internet has made theses searches a lot easier. Sometimes we can even have the good fortune of finding texts in which the artist is addressing students (all of us) and other artists directly, generously offering us advice. This is the case of the keynote address given by guitarist Pat Metheny at the International Association for Jazz Education (IAJE) Conference in New York in January of 2001. I invite you to read it HERE.
 
We said it before, it is not a matter of transcribing or not transcribing as much as it is about asking ourselves: What is the best method to come near the essence of an artist? What is the best procedure to discover, develop and express our own essence? Should our investigation or search end with the musical notes?

Each note, each phrase, each melody arises from a thought, vision, ideology or philosophy that is nourished by the questions and answers, concerns and experiences that the artist has been collecting along the way. Their music, their sound, is the outcome of a continuous process of self-discovery. This is why their sound and their thinking are inseparable. The music is only 50% of the story and therefore contains only 50% of the information.

In my opinion, being in contact with the wisdom that an artist has to offer is priceless. I think it is the closest thing to a shortcut that can exist in art (life). Therefore, whenever we are going to expose ourselves to an artist’s work of art it is desirable to be aware of what we are looking for and with what intention, so that we can better select the method we are going to use. I now invite you to visit my collection of artist quotes HERE

Have a happy search!

                                                       © Copyright Brenda Hopkins Miranda 2012. All rights reserved.

It is better to fail in originality than to succeed in imitation

~ Herman Melville

The residuum of another's expression can never be related to one's own feeling. 
~ Henri Matisse

You can imitate, but at some point, you have to start identifying who you are as a painter - the 'who am I' of the inward journey that every artist must take.
~ Camille Przewodek  
 
Insist on yourself; never imitate. Your own gift you can present every moment with the cumulative force of a whole life's cultivation; but of the adopted talent of another you have only an extemporaneous half possession.
~ Ralph Waldo Emerson
 
 
No es el cómo de la pintura sino el porqué. Imitar un estilo sería un poco como enseñar un tono de voz o una personalidad. ~Ben Shahn

Así como los escritores leen a otros escritores a quienes admiran, los músicos escuchamos a nuestros ídolos, descubriendo y añadiendo más y más nombres a la lista guiados por nuestra insaciable y maravillosa curiosidad. Cuando algo nos llama la atención hay que tomárselo muy en serio porque esa llamada nos está señalando un camino que nos ofrece algo valioso. 

La curiosidad es a la vez el mapa y el combustible que nos mantiene en movimiento = evolución. Cuando la curiosidad llama, nos conviene escuchar su llamado ya que usualmente aquello que nos llama la atención está directamente vinculado a
nuestra propia esencia. Y hablando de esencia pregunto ¿dónde está la esencia de un artista? 

En la mayoría de las instituciones educativas se hace énfasis en la imitación como sistema de formación artística. La enseñanza académica del arte ha recurrido a este sistema durante décadas sino siglos. Se ha equiparado la acción de copiar con la adquisición de conocimiento, su comprensión e internalización. Por ejemplo, en las instituciones de artes plásticas a los estudiantes se les asigna copiar a los grandes maestros. Igualmente, a los músicos que estudian improvisación se les asigna transcribir semestre a semestre, nota por nota, las improvisaciones de grandes músicos. 
 
Muchos - desde los más famosos hasta los aficionados – han practicado la transcripción y lo seguirán haciendo. Y ¿por qué no?, si tantos – sobre todo aquellos apasionados desde temprano con el deseo de interpretar géneros y estilos musicales concretos- han conseguido buenos resultados con esta práctica. Del mismo modo hay muchos- desde los más famosos hasta los aficionados - que no creen en la transcripción, que nunca la han practicado y que también han obtenido resultados positivos. 

Para unos, la transcripción es la mejor manera de adquirir el vocabulario del lenguaje que desean aprender. De vez en cuando algunos olvidan que más allá de las notas que se transcriban, lo substancial puede encontrarse en aspectos expresivos como el volumen, acentuación, fraseo, articulación, etc. 

Para otros, - sobre todo aquellos apasionados desde muy temprano con la búsqueda y desarrollo de su voz personal -transcribir puede representar un camino demasiado largo para encontrar su esencia. Incluso, ven en la transcripción un peligro ya que puede provocar confusión al llevarnos al punto de no poder diferenciar qué es nuestro y qué es del otro. 
 
[Aclaración: ¿Es posible tener dos pasiones? Sí. Hay artistas como el pianista Keith Jarret cuya pasión va desde la música académica (clásica), a interpretar standards tradicionales de jazz, componer e interpretar música original o practicar la libre improvisación. Pero no olvidemos que Jarret no es un artista común. Lo habitual es que en cada individuo haya una pasión que predomine sobre la o las demás.] 

O sea que, la transcripción es un camino, no es el único. Más aún, no existe un sólo camino que sirva para todo el mundo. En el arte (vida) no existen fórmulas predeterminadas. En otras palabras: hay muchas maneras de llegar al mismo sitio, o quizá, el asunto es que cada cual tiene un sitio propio al cual llegar. Lo que para algunos pude resultar beneficioso para otros puede ser dañino y así mismo sucede con la transcripción. Quizás la pregunta apropiada sería ¿es la transcripción suficiente para conocer la esencia de un artista? 

Transcribir es una manera de escuchar con una intención particular. Cuando escuchamos para transcribir, escuchamos atentamente, una y otra vez, paramos, copiamos y volvemos sobre lo mismo hasta que entendemos que hemos “capturado” (en papel o en nuestros dedos) cada nota que fue tocada en su momento por ese artista. Pero también hay otras maneras de escuchar. Podemos escuchar atentamente -pendientes de cada detalle y sin prejuicios - una o dos veces, con la intención de conectar con y absorber la esencia de lo que escuchamos, esos detalles y sutilezas que van más allá de cualquier concepto o teoría. 

Podemos copiar – literalmente - los cuadros de los pintores franceses Georges Seurat y Paul Signac, o podemos utilizar la técnica del puntillismo que ellos usaron para crear los nuestros. Podemos copiar un cuadro de Picasso, o podemos aplicar la técnica del cubismo que él usó para crear uno nuestro. Del mismo modo, podemos aprendernos una improvisación de McCoy Tyner nota por nota, o podemos utilizar el concepto de la armonía cuartal que él utiliza para crear nuestras propias improvisaciones. Podemos aprendernos una improvisación de George Garzone nota por nota, o podemos valernos del concepto “triadicchromatic approach” que él utiliza para crear nuestra propia improvisación.  

Podemos analizar, copiar, imitar y aplicar intencionalmente una idea, técnica o concepto específico, o podemos permitir que elementos más sutiles nos afecten, inspiren e influyan. Podemos examinar el objeto, la obra y su contenido, o podemos adentrarnos en un espacio con una actitud abierta y registrar una especie de esencia que llega a penetrar en nosotros de una manera más orgánica. 
 
Una transcripción se genera ya sea de una grabación, de una partitura o ambas. Para el músico y autor del libro “Improvisation; its Nature and Practice in Music” Derek Bailey, una grabación de una improvisación es un fenómeno aparte en el cual lo que escuchamos ha sido removido de su contexto natural, ese apareamiento de música con lugar y ocasión. Afirma Bailey que lo que una grabación de una improvisación nos ofrece es “el congelamiento de un momento fijo en el tiempo”, algo así como una“fotografía de un bailarín”. 
 
En otro libro titulado “Thinking in Jazz; The Infinite Art of Improvisation” del etnomusicólogo estadounidense Paul  Berliner, el músico Benny Bailey es citado opinando que: “Puede que sea de ayuda poder ver lo que alguien como Miles tocó, pero los libros no te enseñan realmente nada acerca de por qué Miles hizo lo que hizo, lo que estaba pensando. Es eso lo que se necesita.” El pianista Art Tatum también es citado en este libro comentando sobre un imitador suyo: “Bueno, él sabe qué yo hice en el álbum, pero él no sabe por qué lo hice.” 

Estas palabras apuntan a que es sumamente importante reconocer y destacar la existencia de otra rica, valiosa e importante fuente de información. Si queremos realmente acercarnos a la esencia de un artista la información más importante no necesariamente está en sus notas, frases y melodías sino en las ideas y pensamientos que las hacen posibles. Los sonidos que emite un artista no son otra cosa que las conclusiones a las que ha llegado hasta ese momento. Sin duda una de las fuentes más provechosas son las propias palabras del artista (no las que escribe alguien sobre el artista). 
 
ES IMPRESCINDIBLE incluir en nuestra investigación la búsqueda de entrevistas, conferencias o escritos del artista. Afortunadamente la Internet hace mucho más fácil estas búsquedas. Incluso, de vez en cuando tenemos la buena fortuna de
que el artista se dirija directamente a los estudiantes (que somos todos) ofreciendo generosamente sus consejos. Este es el caso del discurso que ofreció el guitarrista Pat Metheney en la convención del International Association for Jazz Education (IAJE) en Nueva York en enero de 2001. Te invito a que lo leas pinchando AQUÍ.

Ya lo dijimos antes, al fin y al cabo no es cuestión de transcribir o no transcribir tanto como preguntarnos: ¿Cuál es el mejor método para acercamos a la esencia de un artista? ¿Cuál es el mejor procedimiento para descubrir, desarrollar y expresar nuestra esencia? ¿Debe finalizar en las notas musicales nuestra  investigación, o búsqueda?

Cada nota, cada frase, cada melodía proviene de un pensamiento, visión, ideología o filosofía que se alimenta de las preguntas y respuestas, inquietudes y experiencias que ha ido acumulando el artista. Su música, su sonido, es el resultado de un continuo proceso de auto-descubrimiento. Por ello su sonido y su pensamiento son inseparables. La música es tan sólo 50% de la historia y contiene tan sólo el 50% de la información. 

En mi opinión, tener contacto con la sabiduría que nos puede ofrecer el artista no tiene precio. Creo que es lo más parecido a un atajo que puede existir en el arte (vida). En conclusión, cuando nos vamos a exponer a la obra de un artista conviene estar conscientes de qué buscamos y con qué intención, para poder definir el mejor método a utilizar. 

Y ahora te invito a visitar mi colección de pensamientos de artistas AQUÍ.  
¡Felices búsquedas!

It is not the how of painting but the why. To imitate a style would be a little like teaching a tone of voice or a personality. 
~ Ben Shahn

It is better to fail in originality than to succeed in imitation
~ Herman Melville

The residuum of another's expression can never be related to one's own feeling. 
~ Henri Matisse

You can imitate, but at some point, you have to start identifying who you are as a painter - the 'who am I' of the inward journey that every artist must take. 
 ~ Camille Przewodek    

Insist on yourself; never imitate. Your own gift you can present every moment with the cumulative force of a whole life's cultivation; but of the adopted talent of another you have only an extemporaneous half possession.
 ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson

                                  © Copyright Brenda Hopkins Miranda 2012. Todos los derechos reservados.

 
 
This benefit of seeing... can come only if you pause a while, extricate yourself from the maddening mob of quick impressions ceaselessly battering our lives, and look thoughtfully at a quiet image... the viewer must be willing to pause, to look again, to meditate. ~ Dorothea Lange 

Rests are important, necessary, and even valuable. It is precisely during rests that we usually assemble the stories that we will later share through sounds, colors or words. When we give ourselves to the pause that rests offer, it gently swings us between action and contemplation. If we allow it, a pause can nurture us. Through it arrive the new experiences, images, thoughts, ideas and everything else that makes out the inventory of our inspiration. 

Artists – the same as the Earth – go through different seasons or cycles: silence, noise, solitude, multitude, stillness movement, giving, receiving, practicing, creating, working, resting, pause… We transit from season to season, celebrating with true humbleness the reality of impermanence, living times and stages, flowing. Then, after each pause, we shall once again
revalidate commitments, reaffirm intentions, reiterate goals and reactivate routines. 

Beyond our goals, the attitude and will with which we act will have a direct influence on the results we obtain. And it will be this way day after day, since achieving the greatest expression of who we are is not really a goal but a path, a process that will only end with the end of life itself. 
 
Many of us that share passion for music and art humbly and honestly accept the fact “perfection” is an unachievable goal. And yet, it is precisely towards perfection that we relentlessly move. The desire to be better each day so that we have more to offer is fuel enough to keep us in constant evolution. 

For evolution to be possible it is necessary to persistently examine our strengths and limitations. Acknowledging a limitation isn’t necessarily a denial of our strengths. It only means that we are awake, alert and with a living desire to be better each day. On the one hand we celebrate our strengths, both our inherent ones and the ones we acquired through our effort.
On the other, we also celebrate our limitations because they are not necessarily
a negative thing. We can become aware that our sound, our voice, our essence is
precisely the unique combination of our own strengths and limitations. 
 
Wanting to be better each day doesn’t mean that we judge, repudiate, are ashamed of or deny each limitation. Wanting to be better each day doesn’t mean that we will submit ourselves to a state of constant tension and anxiety because we don’t measure up to some ideal that we have formed in our heads or someone else has imposed on us. Wanting to be better each day doesn’t mean comparing or competing with others. Wanting to be better each day only means being, doing and giving the best we can each day convinced that this is good enough. 

Here I share some suggestions for possible creative resolutions for 2012, a simple list that can help us to make better musical decisions = better music. I wish you a 2012 full of joys, successes and accomplishments. 
  
1. Develop the ability to listen (without any prejudices): to ourselves, the musicians we’re playing with, other styles of music including the ones we consider inferior (we can learn what to do and what not to do from many sources), our teachers and fellow students, etc. Wisdom can be found in any place or person. 
 
2. Developing the skill to manage our ego and its need to impress or get attention. 
 
3. Develop the wisdom to be able to eliminate what is unnecessary, which is the same as understanding the great power of simplicity. 

4. Develop our ability to express ourselves to the fullest. 
 
5. Develop the will to take risks so we can discover new things about ourselves every time we play. 

6. Develop the courage to go beyond we think we can go, give more that we think we can give, offer more than we think we are expected to offer = give. 
 
7. Dedicate a daily block of uninterrupted and distraction free time to our art. 
 
8. Realize that doing something – correctly or badly – always produces some benefit. 
 
9. Not analyzing or interpreting experiences as an error or defeat. 

10. Choosing to make authentic and honest music, comprehending at the same time that there is no music that will be liked by every single person.

11. Respecting our own creative needs.

12. Respecting the creativity of others. 

13. Remain silent and attentively listen when other musicians are performing.  

14. More patience – less rushing.  
 
15. Become a peace instrument. 

I INVITE YOU TO ADD YOUR SUGGESTIONS! 

We may learn anew what compassion and beauty are, and pause to listen to the Earth’s music.
~ David Brower

                                                     © Copyright Brenda Hopkins Miranda 2012. All rights reserved.